The first 18 volumes of the International Scientific Series published in both London and New York were reviewed to assess their contribution to transatlantic communication of popular science. The dominant flow of ideas was westwards on topics such as science versus religion, empiricism in psychology, survival of the fittest, jurisprudence versus mental illness, economics and development of cinematography. There was an eastward flow in philology. The preparation of volumes was rushed and many authors merely expanded previous notes, articles and pamphlets. Commercial and idealistic motives
Emphasizing the intersection of policy and politics, this paper uses Theda Skocpol’s polity-centered approach (1992) to analyze two key moments in the history of the 21st Century Community Learning Centers (21st CCLC) program: 1998, when the program’s budget grew from $40 million to $200 million, and 2003, when President Bush attempted to cut the program’s budget from $1 billion to $400 million. A thorough understanding of this history can help afterschool advocates successfully respond to President Obama’s recent proposal to dramatically change the 21st CCLC program once again.
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Sarah Phillips
resourceresearchProfessional Development, Conferences, and Networks
This is a brief study of the changes in the merit review criteria for proposals submitted to the National Science Foundation (NSF) over its 60-year history. Because far more worthy proposals are received than are fundable, it has been necessary for the NSF to develop review criteria to distinguish among meritorious proposals. For reasons of politics and policy, NSF has had to consider criteria other than simply good science—what are now known as “broader impacts.” This study shows that the general nature of the criteria has not changed over the years. Instead, the NSF has fought a continuing